Hematite
Metallic lustre and the colours of iron
Hematite is an iron oxide mineral with the chemical composition Fe₂O₃. Polished stones are known for their steel-grey to nearly black colour and prominent metallic lustre. Other forms may be reddish brown with an earthy appearance.
Despite its dark appearance, hematite has a characteristic reddish-brown streak. Its name derives from the Greek word αἷμα (haima), meaning blood, referring to the reddish-brown colour of the mineral's powder.
Hematite at a gemological glance
| Property | Information |
|---|---|
| Mineral class | Oxides |
| Chemical composition | Fe₂O₃ — iron oxide |
| Crystal system | Trigonal |
| Hardness | 5–6 on the Mohs scale |
| Specific gravity | 5.26 |
| Refractive index | 2.87–3.22; above the measurement range of a standard gemological refractometer |
| Colour | Steel-grey to black; also reddish brown |
| Transparency | Opaque, except at very thin edges that may transmit light |
| Lustre | Metallic to submetallic; dull in earthy material |
| Streak | Cherry-red to reddish brown |
These are reference values for the mineral, rather than test results for a particular stone.
Appearance and polish
Hematite occurs as crystals, plates and rounded aggregates. A smooth polish emphasises its metallic lustre and creates clear reflections across the surface.
Its high specific gravity gives it a substantial feel for its size. However, metallic appearance and considerable weight alone are insufficient for identification.
Is hematite magnetic?
Natural hematite has very weak magnetism, which is generally not noticeable when tested with an ordinary magnet. Products sold as “magnetic hematite” that show strong attraction may be manufactured imitations. GIA testing identified such beads made from barium iron oxide. A magnet test alone is therefore insufficient to identify the stone.
Rainbow hematite
Natural hematite can also display iridescent colours, giving rise to the name “rainbow hematite”. Research on material from the Andrade mine in Brazil linked these colours to an ordered microscopic structure of hematite crystals that affects reflected light.
Such colours can be natural, but this does not mean that every colourful material sold under this name is untreated or uncoated.
Sources around the world
Hematite is widespread. Familiar sources include Brazil, South Africa, Italy, Switzerland and the United States. Brazilian occurrences include Minas Gerais, where rainbow hematite from the Andrade mine has been studied.
Not every occurrence is suitable for polishing or jewellery; suitability depends on the structure and integrity of the material.
Quality and identification
When examining polished hematite, we consider surface uniformity, lustre, cracks and fractures. It is also important to establish whether the material is natural hematite, an imitation or coated.
A trade name and appearance do not replace gemological testing, particularly for strongly magnetic or colour-coated products.
Cleaning and care
Clean gently with a soft, damp cloth, then dry. Avoid impacts, harsh cleaning products and high heat. For coated material or a product of unknown composition, cleaning should suit both the material and its coating.
Spiritual meaning
Hematite is associated with grounding, stability and a connection to the practical world. It symbolises gathering one's thoughts, focusing on what lies ahead and turning intention into clear action. It can serve as a reminder to maintain a steady foundation during times of pressure or confusion.
In spiritual symbolism, it is also connected with achieving goals and bringing inspiration into reality. It represents a clear-eyed examination of our wishes, distinguishing an idea from a workable approach, and progressing steadily towards what matters to us.
These meanings belong to the realm of belief and symbolism. They can give jewellery personal significance, but they are not proven gemological properties or a promise of healing, protection or a change in health.